The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression and social unrest. The Liège Revolution expelled the tyrannical Prince-Bishop and installed a republic. [143], Prior to 1797, three of the five Directors were firmly Republican; Barras, Révellière-Lépeaux and Jean-François Rewbell, as were around 40% of the legislature. [25] The war was financed by state debt, creating a large rentier class who lived on the interest, primarily members of the French nobility or commercial classes. As one nation after another demanded more rights for a majority of its citizens, absolute rulers were forced to make concessions. Although the coup failed, on 2 June the convention was surrounded by a crowd of up to 80,000, demanding cheap bread, unemployment pay and political reforms, including restriction of the vote to the sans-culottes, and the right to remove deputies at will. It reflects Roman republicanism and liberty, alluding to the Roman ritual of manumission, in which a freed slave receives the bonnet as a symbol of his newfound liberty. [6] These combined with a regressive tax system and resistance to reform by the ruling elite to produce a crisis Louis XVI proved unable to manage. [12] Inefficient agricultural methods meant domestic farmers could not support these numbers, while primitive transportation networks made it hard to maintain supplies even when there was sufficient. [176], The role of women in the Revolution has long been a topic of debate. As a result, the Directory was characterised by "chronic violence, ambivalent forms of justice, and repeated recourse to heavy-handed repression. [145], With Royalists apparently on the verge of power, the Republicans staged a coup on 4 September. 1 By the year 2000 many historians were saying that the field of the French Revolution was in intellectual disarray. the French Revolution –ex. In addition, rather than dissolving the previous legislature as in 1791 and 1792, the so-called 'law of two-thirds' ruled only 150 new deputies would be elected each year. Led by Lafayette, the National Guard was ordered to "preserve public order" and responded to a barrage of stones by firing into the crowd, killing between 13 and 50 people. Bezbakh, Pierre (2004). Both territories experienced revolutions in 1789. [79] The royal family left the palace in disguise on the night of 20 June 1791; late the next day, Louis was recognised as he passed through Varennes, arrested and taken back to Paris. French Revolution? Others were exiled or prosecuted, a process that took several months. Niall Ferguson's War of the World - Episode 3. SAQ- Renaissance 2. [249] Other historians, influenced by Marxist thinking, have emphasised the importance of the peasants and the urban workers in presenting the Revolution as a gigantic class struggle. When Jacques Hébert called for a popular revolt against the "henchmen of Louis Capet" on 24 May, he was arrested by the Commission of Twelve, a Girondin-dominated tribunal set up to expose 'plots'. When presented to the legislative committee on 11 July, it was rejected by pragmatists such as Jean Joseph Mounier, President of the Assembly, who feared creating expectations that could not be satisfied. On 17 August, the Convention voted a second levée en masse; despite initial problems in equipping and supplying such large numbers, by mid-October Republican forces had re-taken Lyon, Marseilles and Bordeaux, while defeating Coalition armies at Hondschoote and Wattignies. [138] Although these criticisms were certainly valid, it also faced internal unrest, a stagnating economy and an expensive war, while hampered by the impracticality of the constitution. Above all the antagonism helped stimulate and shape German nationalism. [222], The Jacobin cause was picked up by Marxists in the mid-19th century and became an element of communist thought around the world. [11], In addition to these social changes, the French population grew from 18 million in 1700 to 26 million in 1789, making it the most populous state in Europe; Paris had over 600,000 inhabitants, of whom roughly one third were either unemployed or had no regular work. [108] In mid-October, Marie Antoinette was found guilty of a long list of crimes and guillotined; two weeks later, the Girondist leaders arrested in June were also executed, along with Philippe Égalité. [76], The Assembly continued to develop new institutions; in September 1790, the regional Parlements were abolished and their legal functions replaced by a new independent judiciary, with jury trials for criminal cases. Led by Bertrand Barère, Pierre Joseph Cambon and Lazare Carnot, as before this central faction acted as a swing vote. [71] The result was state-led persecution of "Refractory clergy", many of whom were forced into exile, deported, or executed. Taken to the Hôtel de Ville, he was executed, his head placed on a pike and paraded around the city; the fortress was then torn down in a remarkably short time. [18] The resulting impasse in the face of widespread economic distress led to the calling of the Estates-General, which became radicalised by the struggle for control of public finances. They wrote, "While restoration returned most of their power to the absolute monarchs who had been deposed by Napoleon, only the most recalcitrant ones, such as Ferdinand VII of Spain, went to the trouble of completely reversing the legal innovations brought on by the French. [197] [198] [5] Its impact on French nationalism was profound, while also stimulating nationalist movements throughout Europe. On 17 July, he visited Paris accompanied by 100 deputies, where he was greeted by Bailly and accepted a tricolore cockade to loud cheers. For the French people this was a period of political and social turmoil. [110], The Reign of Terror began as a way to harness revolutionary fervour, but quickly degenerated into the settlement of personal grievances. [17], The problem was French taxes were predominantly paid by the urban and rural poor, while attempts to share the burden more equally were blocked by the regional parlements which controlled financial policy. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of Western liberal democracy. In reality, Leopold and Frederick had met to discuss the Partitions of Poland, and the Declaration was primarily made to satisfy Comte d'Artois and other émigrés. (�� G o o g l e) Among the most significant were Marat's L'Ami du peuple and Elysée Loustallot's Revolutions de Paris [fr]. François Furet argues the intense ideological commitment of the revolutionaries and their utopian goals required the extermination of any opposition. [43], Even these limited reforms went too far for reactionaries like Marie Antoinette and Louis' younger brother the Comte d'Artois; on their advice, Louis dismissed Necker again as chief minister on 11 July. Deprived of political rights under the Ancien Regime, the 1791 Constitution classed them as "passive" citizens, leading to demands for social and political equality for women and an end to male domination. When the parlements refused to comply, Calonne persuaded Louis to summon the Assembly of Notables, an advisory council dominated by the upper nobility. [29], The Estates-General was divided into three parts; the First for members of the clergy, Second for the nobility, and Third for the "commons". Read More. 1 [246] Under President John Adams, a Federalist, an undeclared naval war took place with France from 1798 until 1799, often called the "Quasi War". They also insisted on enforcing the rule that only those who owned land could sit as deputies for the Second Estate, and thus excluded the immensely popular Comte de Mirabeau. This was less obvious in Paris, since the formation of the National Guard made it the best policed city in Europe, but growing disorder in the provinces inevitably affected members of the Assembly. [92], Bernave's inability to build a consensus in the Assembly resulted in the appointment of a new government, chiefly composed of Brissotins. [220][221] The conservative Catholic enemies of the Revolution came to power in Vichy France (1940–44), and tried with little success to undo its heritage, but they kept it a republic. • French victories during the Revolutionary period and conquests under Napoleon encourage national pride; Revolutionary ideals give French people the sense that they have a mission to spread these ideals. endobj The French revolution ended once Napoleon began his rule over France. R [108], Key areas of focus for the new government included creating a new state ideology, economic regulation and winning the war. [248], Other thinkers, like the conservative Edmund Burke, maintained that the Revolution was the product of a few conspiratorial individuals who brainwashed the masses into subverting the old order, a claim rooted in the belief that the revolutionaries had no legitimate complaints. Many people came day after day and vied for the best locations from which to observe the proceedings; knitting women (tricoteuses) formed a cadre of hardcore regulars, inciting the crowd. "[123], The Convention authorised his arrest; he and his supporters took refuge in the Hotel de Ville, defended by the National Guard. Activists included Girondists like Olympe de Gouges, author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, and Charlotte Corday, the killer of Marat. [245] The influx of religious migrants from France reinvigorated the Roman Catholic Church in the Canadas, with the refectory priests who moved to the colonies being responsible for the establishment of a number of parishes throughout the Canadas.[245]. The central elements of 1789 were the slogan "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity" and "The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen", which Lefebvre calls "the incarnation of the Revolution as a whole."[203]. The intention was for tenants to pay compensation for these losses but the majority refused to comply and the obligation was cancelled in 1793. On the morning of 10 August, a combined force of Parisian National Guard and provincial fédérés attacked the Tuileries Palace, killing many of the Swiss Guard protecting it. >> It is the final part the exam and lasts for a total of 35 minutes. %PDF-1.4 In 1781, Louis allegedly refused to appoint him Archbishop of Paris on the grounds 'an Archbishop should at least believe in God'. /Annots 0 On 10 September, the majority led by Sieyès and Talleyrand rejected this in favour of a single assembly, while Louis retained only a "suspensive veto"; this meant he could delay the implementation of a law, but not block it. George Washington and his unanimous cabinet, including Jefferson, decided that the treaty did not bind the United States to enter the war. [24], He was succeeded by Swiss Protestant Jacques Necker, who was replaced in 1781 by Charles de Calonne. LEQ: WHAT OPTIONS DO CITIZENSHAVE WHEN THE GOVERNMENT DOESNOT MEET THEIR NEEDS?DO NOW:1. In return, it provided a minimal level of social support. De Lisle was instructed to 'produce a hymn which conveys to the soul of the people the enthusiasm which it (the music) suggests. While all wars are political to some degree, this period was remarkable for the emphasis placed on reshaping boundaries and the creation of entirely new European states. [94] Louis and his family took refuge with the Assembly and shortly after 11:00 am, the deputies present voted to 'temporarily relieve the king', effectively suspending the monarchy. [208] Demand remained strong and after 1800 nuns resumed their work in hospitals and on rural estates. << According to archival records, from September 1793 to July 1794 some 16,600 people were executed on charges of counter-revolutionary activity; another 40,000 may have been summarily executed or died awaiting trial. They expressed these demands using pamphlets and clubs such as the Cercle Social, whose largely male members viewed themselves as contemporary feminists. [107], Meanwhile, a committee led by Robespierre's close ally Saint-Just was tasked with preparing a new Constitution. [206], Over the centuries, charitable foundations had been set up to fund hospitals, poor relief, and schools; when these were confiscated and sold off, the funding was not replaced, causing massive disruption to these support systems. Popkin, Jeremy. Backed by the Commune and elements of the National Guard, on 31 May they attempted to seize power in a coup. [151], In late 1791, factions within the Assembly came to see war as a way to unite the country and secure the Revolution by eliminating hostile forces on its borders and establishing its "natural frontiers". Led by the revolutionary François-Noël Babeuf, their demands included the implementation of the 1793 Constitution and a more equitable distribution of wealth. /D [69] On 13 February 1790, religious orders and monasteries were dissolved, while monks and nuns were encouraged to return to private life. Belgium now had a government bureaucracy selected by merit. External powers like Austria, Britain and Prussia viewed the Revolution as a threat, leading to the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792. obj But the new religion of the nation was demonic, fraught with contradiction and self-hatred, with no power to survive. [86], This meant the new constitution was opposed by significant elements inside and outside the Assembly, itself split into three main groups. The French National Convention adopted it as the First Republic's anthem in 1795. The remaining 600 Conventionnels kept their seats, a move intended to ensure stability. [81], The massacre badly damaged Lafayette's reputation; the authorities responded by closing radical clubs and newspapers, while their leaders went into exile or hiding, including Marat. The same percentage were broadly centrist or unaffiliated, along with two Directors, Étienne-François Letourneur and Lazare Carnot. Some historians argue that the French people underwent a fundamental transformation in self-identity, evidenced by the elimination of privileges and their replacement by rights as well as the growing decline in social deference that highlighted the principle of equality throughout the Revolution. [146], Despite general war weariness, fighting continued and the 1798 elections saw a resurgence in Jacobin strength. [257] The Revolution represented the most significant and dramatic challenge to political absolutism up to that point in history and spread democratic ideals throughout Europe and ultimately the world. [200], The impact on French society were enormous, some of which were widely accepted, while others continue to be debated. [133] They were quickly dispersed and the main impact was another round of arrests, while Jacobin prisoners in Lyon were summarily executed. By 1799, much of its property and institutions had been confiscated and its senior leaders dead or in exile. From its early stages, the Revolution therefore displayed signs of its radical nature; what remained unclear was the constitutional mechanism for turning intentions into practical applications. [91] Ironically, Marie Antoinette headed a faction within the court that also favoured war, seeing it as a way to win control of the military, and restore royal authority. The Fête de la Fédération in Paris was attended by Louis XVI and his family, with Talleyrand performing a mass. Already unsettled by changes imposed on the church, in March the traditionally conservative and royalist Vendée rose in revolt. Pope Pius VI and many French Catholics objected to this since it denied the authority of the Pope over the French Church. [73], The period from October 1789 to spring 1791 is usually seen as one of relative tranquility, when some of the most important legislative reforms were enacted. (1994) FRQ#6: Compare and contrast the extent to which the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the Russian Revolution (1917-1924) changed the … [7][8], From the late 17th century on, political and cultural debate became part of wider European society, rather than being confined to a small elite. [153], From 1701 to 1801, the population of Europe grew from 118 to 187 million; combined with new mass production techniques, this allowed belligerents to support large armies, requiring the mobilisation of national resources. The French Revolution A satirical depiction of a French commoner carrying a nobleman and a member of the clergy on his back, 1789. "[181] Women also assumed a special role in the funeral of Marat, following his murder on 13 July 1793 by Corday; as part of the funeral procession, they carried the bathtub in which he died, as well as a shirt stained with his blood. Between 1789 to 1793, the annual deficit increased from 10% to 64% of gross national product, while annual inflation reached 3,500% after a poor harvest in 1794 and the removal of price controls. After the Convention passed the law in September 1793, the Revolutionary Republican Women demanded vigorous enforcement, but were countered by market women, former servants, and religious women who adamantly opposed price controls (which would drive them out of business) and resented attacks on the aristocracy and on religion. The first phase of the French Revolution overall established constitutional monarchy, increased popular participation, nationalized the Catholic Church, and abolished hereditary privileges. /Parent "[115] [b], At the height of the Terror, the slightest hint of counter-revolutionary thought could place one under suspicion, and even its supporters were not immune. As long as the generals and their armies stayed away from Paris, they were happy to allow them to continue fighting, a key factor behind sanctioning Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt. SAQ- French Revolution 1- *with scoring notes. [35], To assist delegates, each region completed a list of grievances, known as Cahiers de doléances. [217] Another 2017 paper found that the redistribution of land had a positive impact on agricultural productivity, but that these gains gradually declined over the course of the 19th century. On 20 June, the Assembly met in a tennis court outside Versailles and swore not to disperse until a new constitution had been agreed. 5 The new laws were gathered together in the 1791 Constitution, and submitted to Louis XVI, who pledged to defend it "from enemies at home and abroad". French Revolution DBQ. 7 [239][240], The Kingdom of Denmark adopted liberalising reforms in line with those of the French Revolution, with no direct contact. [129] This was accompanied by military success; in January 1795, French forces helped the Dutch Patriots set up the Batavian Republic, securing their northern border. The American and the French Revolutions The right of revolutionan idea proposed by Enlightenment philosopher John Locke, inspired and challenged the colonies in America and the people of France to revolt.